How to Maintain Cooling System in a Vehicle Properly?

The cooling system in your vehicle is important to keep you comfortable, when you are driving. Regular maintenance of the system will help you keep it in optimal function. This article lists a few steps on how to maintain the vehicle’s cooling system properly.

Regular fluid checks
You need to check your car’s radiator coolant level on regular basis; and also, it is your responsibility to check the level of the reserve or overflow tank fluid and make sure that they are at the level where they should be. Otherwise, add fluid; and while adding, make sure to mix the antifreeze coolant with exact mix of water in warmer areas, and in extremely cold areas, mix 70% coolant and 30% water mixture.

Draining and flushing the radiator and adding the coolant
As the time passes, dirt and other contaminants buildup on the cars radiator cooling system, antifreeze may lose its effectiveness, if it is not changed regularly. So, you should drain your car radiator and fill it back with water and new coolant, at least once in a year or based on the climatic changes. It is also suggested to flush the radiator system to remove the dirt and other contaminants, before changing the coolant. This helps in not restricting the antifreeze coolant flow.

Inspecting the parts of cooling system
You need to check various components of the cooling system such as: caps, hoses, belts etc. and ensure that there are no cracks, worn or damage to those parts. If they are damaged, you need to replace them with the new correct parts again. Radiator and heater hoses can be easily inspected by opening the hood. Belts need to be replaced after the life time expires or if they are worn.

Perform various tests
You need to do various tests such as internal leak test with pressure tester to ensure that there is no combustion gas leakage; engine cooling fan test to keep the engine away from overheating; proper opening and closing of thermostat to allow the coolant etc. This tests will help you keep your coolant functioning well without any troubles.

Have them professionally serviced at least once in a year
Along with all the points discussed, you need to get it professionally serviced at least once in a year or at the recommended times to keep your cooling system function more accurately. Look for reputable experienced technicians.
Following these steps is likely to help you keep your cooling system in an optimal condition.

Gasoline Direct Fuel Delivery System

Today, gasoline and diesel are used as fuel for cars. In traditional gasolene engines air-fuel mixture is done by the corroborator whereas in direct fuel delivery system, the process is different. In this article, we'll study about how direct fuel injection system works and the advantages of direct fuel delivery system

Direct fuel injection is a fuel supply system that provides gasoline engines to burn fuel more efficiently, resulting in more power and increased fuel efficiency. In this system there is no need of the carburetor to mix the air/fuel mixture. Now,let us discuss how the direct fuel injection system works

Working of gasoline direct fuel delivery
In traditional (indirect) fuel injection system pre-mixing of air/fuel mixture in a chamber just outside the cylinder. In direct-injection system, the air/fuel are not pre-mixed; air comes in via the intake manifold where as the gasoline is injected directly into the cylinder.

GDI is an advanced injection system for gasoline engines with high operating pressures (more than 100 bars) and with advanced injection port combined with turbocharger that improves performances, and reductions in fuel consumption. GDI represents an effective powertrain system.

The Direct Injection system has the injection nozzle actually fixed to the top of the combustion chamber, usually the piston on the engine with this type of injection system has a crown shape in the top to create the needed swirl.

Gasoline direct fuel injection system works by sucking the air/fuel mixture into a cylinder.
In Direct Gasoline Injection engines, the Air/Fuel mixture is formed directly in the combustion chamber. During intake stroke only air is drawn into the intake manifold valve.
The fuel is injected at high pressure into the combustion chamber through a special injectors. The air/fuel mixture is compressed with a piston during compression stroke.

At the end of the compression stoke ignition of air/fuel mixture occurs resulting explosion which drives the piston downwards, producing power,which is used to transmit the vehicle through transmission system.

With the help of precise computer control unit, direct injection system allows more accurate control over the amount of fuel injected and injection timing. The position of the injector also allows more optimal spray pattern that breaks the gasoline into very smaller droplets. Resulting in more gasoline to burn causing more power and less pollution from each drop of gasoline. The is is the working of gasoline direct fuel injection system.

Advantages of gasoline direct fuel delivery system
Now let us discuss about the advantages of the gasoline direct fuel delivery system

• Using GDI system stating of vehicle in cold condition is easier.
• The GDI system require smaller combustion space due to which combustion happens more effectively.
• Using GDI,it reduces the 15% of the fuel consumption and increases the torque compare to other fuel injection system.
• In GDFI system,engine being operated at 14.7:1 air/fuel ratio by weight which provides more effective combustion.
• The better the fuel combustion happens the better will be the thermal efficiency of the vehicle.
• Gasoline direct injection is favored due to their efficiency, performance potential, and cleaner exhaust emission.

These are the advantages and working of gasoline direct injection system.

Symptoms of Failure of Carburetor and How to Replace It

Get to know the carburetor
The carburetor was a key component in the older makes of cars. The main function of the carburetor are:

•  Makes fuel and air create a highly combustible mixture.
•  Regulates the ratio of air and fuel mixture.
•  Controls the engine's speed.

Where does carburetor located
The carburetor is located near the fuel tank and the engine. After the air-fuel mixture is created it sends to the intake manifold of engine. The air and fuel is sucked from the atmosphere and the fuel tank.

Symptoms of failure of carburetor

• Hard vehicle starting
• The carburetor plays a vital role in starting the engine of the vehicle.
• The vehicle ignition system is dependent upon sufficient amounts of air-fuel mixture passing into the combustion chambers.
•  If the carburetor is in bad condition, it limits the flow of either fuel or air into the engine.
• The vehicle will hesitate to start and the carburetor houses a choke mechanism that temporarily provides the air/fuel mixture to run the vehicle initially.
• If the carburetor choke mechanism is also not working properly, the engine doesn't start.

• Engine missing
• Another common symptom of a bad condition carburetor is an engine that runs unevenly
• An jerking of engine normally occurs as the result of awkward fuel supply into the engine and results in incomplete engine combustion and inefficient engine performance
• Sometimes, a bad condition carburetor reduces the flow of fuel into the engine and causes a engine mishap.
• An engine mishap can be caused at both idle speed and also under normal acceleration.

• Black exhaust smoke
• Another common symptom of bad condition of carburetor is, the carburetor will often emit black smoke from its exhaust.
•  Even through black smoke which in symptom of severe other cases can be quite enormous.
• This is due to a improper air/fuel mixture in the carburetor.
•  If air-fuel mixture is incorrect, many problems can occur, which includes poor engine performance, poor mileage, and also the emission of black exhaust smoke.

How to replace a carburetor

• First, make sure that the engine is in switched off state.
• Remove the hoses and fuel lines from the carburetor
• Remove the nuts that hold the carburetor to the intake manifold.
• Take the carburetor off.
• Now clean the surrounding area of the carburetor with the air blower or the vacuum cleaner.
• Scrape all dirt and gasket material around the carburetor. Make sure that the carburetor sucking air because of an imperfect seal.
• If air is leaking replace a new gasket. The gasket should have coating of gasket sealer on both sides.
• Fix the new carburetor, after fixing the new carburetor , tighten the carburetor onto the intake manifold by tightening the nuts.
• Connect all the fuel lines and remove all tools from the top of the engine.
• Fill the carburetor with small amount of air-fuel mixture and Start the engine.
• Check for any vacuum leaks and then check for gas leaks on fittings.
• Tighten them to prevent any leaks. If they continues to leak replace the gaskets.
• Reconnect the air cleaner on and close the hood.

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Advantages of Changing Air Filter of a Car

Are you confused when to change the air filter of your car? Well, we are here to give you some clarity. Read the article to know the right time for changing the air filter of your car and also the advantages of changing it.

Right time to change the air filter
It is necessary to check the condition of the air filter frequently because any fault in it may lead to the problems like high consumption of fuel. The air filter gets accumulated with the dirt while driving. Knowing when to change the air filter is not possible because it depends on the driving conditions and on the miles recommended in the user manual. It is suggested to change the air filter when you drive more in dirty conditions were pollution is more or change it based on the recommendations given in the user manual i.e., if the air filter lasts upto 30,000 miles then it is suggested to change it every 15,000 miles or once in a year. But, country drivers need to change the air filter frequently.

Advantages of changing air filter
Improved performance: The damaged or dirty air filter effects the performance of the car by reducing the air flow into the car engine. This also effects the consumption of fuel and other problems. So, to avoid this the air filter must be changed. Changing the air filter increases the performance of the car.

More mileage with fuel efficiency: Car engine works efficiently when you change the air filter of the car otherwise due to less intake of air by the dirty fuel engines consumes more fuel which increases the fuel economy of the car. So, changing air filter improves the mileage and saves your money.

Avoids damage: If you don't check your car's air filter frequently and clean it regularly then there is a chance of causing great damage to your car. Even a tiny foreign particle can cause a great damage. So, checking the air filter and changing it over time is necessary to avoid any damage.

Vehicle emissions are reduced: If your air filter is dirty or damaged, the air flow to the engine will be less which leads to fuel or air mixture imbalance producing exhaust emissions than the normal pollution contributing to the more pollution in the environment. So, if you change the air filter the emissions in the environment will be reduced.

This is how your car will be benefited with continuous monitoring and changing the air filter of your car.

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Buying a Luxury Car: Is it Worth it or Waste of Money?

Reasons for buying a luxury car
Prestigious issue: Many people feel buying a luxury car stands as their status symbol and a prestige issue especially who are rich. This is one reason why people prefer buying a luxury car.

More safety: People who look for more safety in car and who need more safety features prefer buying luxury car. Because, luxury cars will have more features like anti-lock braking system, traction control, stability control, etc., which gives safety to the passenger in the car.

Beauty and comforts: Many luxury cars come with good interior and exterior features. The beauty of the car lies in the design, quality, comfortness, etc. This makes people feel more comfortable. So, people who are looking for comfort along with the beauty of the car better to go with luxury cars.

Interior: As exterior of the car interior is also very important. Interior design of the car is necessary for the passengers who are traveling in the car. Interior is the king, it usually comes with all the technology and the gadgets. They should be customizable in such a way that people feel comfortable.

Complete assistance: Many luxury cars will offer you complete assistance whenever and wherever necessary because they are branded and luxury. Most of the luxury cars need the assistant of only the mechanics that are professional in dealing with the luxury cars. So, many luxury cars come with assistance.

Reasons for not buying a luxury car
More insurance costs: Many people don't prefer purchasing luxury cars because they can't afford paying more insurance costs. The insurance of the car depends on the type of the car. So in general luxury cars will have more insurance when compared to other cars and people really can't ignore insurance if they buy a luxury car. It is very important so, some people won't prefer buying a luxury car which makes their costs high.

Increased maintenance cost: Maintaining a luxury car is not much easy. Repairs, fuel costs mainly leads to the car maintenance cost which will be more in luxury cars. So, people won't prefer luxury cars.

Chances of theft: Latest, branded luxury cars have more chances of theft according to statistics. So, if people buy luxury cars they always need to think about it and they won't have peace of mind.

2014 Scion FR-S Best Sports Cars 2014 For Money U.S. News Auto Ranking

When it comes to purchasing sports car, you should look out for features that make the car model/make suit your budget. In this article, we'll discuss the 2014 Best Sports Cars For Money ranked by U.S. News Auto Ranking. The best Sports Cars 2014 For Money rated by U.S. News Auto Ranking is the 2014 Scion FR-S.

Are interested to know why the 2014 Scion FR-S ranked top then don't worry in this article we'll discuss all the feature,pros and cons of Scion FR-S

2014 Scion FR-S
The 2014 Scion FR-S has rear-wheel drive. A 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine and six-speed manual transmission are standard,and it comes with six-speed automatic transmission is optional Let know rated score by the U.S. News Auto Ranking.

Score ratings

• The 2014 Scion FR-S ranks 1st in Sports Cars 2014 For Money. The ranking are based on analysis of expect reviews and the test drives of the 2014 Scion FR-S.
• The Performance rating of the 2014 Scion FR-S is 9.2 out of 10.
• The interior rating given by the expect rating to 2014 Scion FR-S is 7.8 out of 10.
• The safety rating of the 2014 Scion FR-S is 9.3 out of 10.
• The overall rating of the 2014 Scion FR-S is 8.8 out of 10.

2014 Scion FR-S Car price range
The price ranges from 23,465 – 25,800, It is only the average price it changes depending on the zip area.

Specifications of 2014 Scion FR-S

• Engine and performance
• The 2014 Scion FR-S comes with rear wheel drive with locking rare differential.
• The type of engine equipped in Scion FR-S is Premium Unleaded H-4.
•  The tuning diameter of 35.4
• The displacement of the (2.0L/122) .
• The Horsepower of the Volkswagen Golf (200@7000 ).
• The Torque of the Volkswagen Golf is (151@6400).

• Fuel economy
• When it comes to fuel economy it provides estimated mileage of 29(MPG) in cities and in highways it provides estimated mileage of 30(MPG) in cities.
• The fuel tank capacity of the Scion FR-S is approximately 13.2 gallons.

• Transmission system
• The Scion FR-S has a 6-speed manual transmission system.

• Safety features
• When comes to safety features it comes with:Driver air bags,Passive airbags,Side head air bags,Rear head air bags and side airbags.
• It's equipped with Brake assist,Electronic Stability Control,Daytime Running lights,and traction control system.

• Braking system
• When coming to braking system,It comes with a 4-wheel Anti-Breaking System (ABS) and a 4-wheel disc brakes.

These are some of the specifications of 2014 Scion FR-S.

Pros of 2014 Scion FR-S

• It has Athletic handling
• It is a Responsive engine
• A Comfortable, supportive front seats

 Cons of 2014 Scion FR-S

• Tiny back seat
• It has small cargo hold

These points are likely to help you make a rational decision while purchasing the car.

All that Makes Your Car Safer

In the past, cars were manufactured with an emphasis mainly on the operational capability and scant attention was focused on the safety of the driver and the occupants. In the wake of many casualties over the past few decades, manufacturers have become receptive to the need of making vehicles more equipped with safety systems. Their efforts have succeeded in providing high levels of security to the occupants and drivers. Cars are now reckoned regarded all over the world according to their safety technology features. We'll discuss a few safety technologies in this article.

Anti collision systems
Cars have become smart enough now to detect the possible chances of collision and take adequate measures to avert them. Cars are equipped with the technology to realize these measures. These include radars, lasers and cameras at the right places to sense the surrounding location of the car and make it aware of any possible threat.

Radars and laser technologies can determine the distances of various obstacles from the car accurately and notify the driver of its position within a small span of time. The system can increase the speed of the car or apply brakes automatically if the driver fails to control the situation.

The anti-collision systems are equipped with semi autonomous features that can take control of the car if the driver does not posses the required expertise in maneuvering the car through heavy and dense traffic or parking in a cozy space. The semi automatic system can rescue you if you lack these serious skills.

Improvised diagnostics systems
Diagnostics systems are part of the vehicles since last few years. From a long time, they have been displaying various parameters of the vehicles like fuel reservoir, the engine temperature on the dashboard. They were less reliable and accurate. They only displayed the information. Communication was an option that depended on the driver. Critical conditions were poorly communicated in early vehicles and mostly left to the mercy of the driver to have a look at the dashboard while driving which was again a risky thing. Now the systems can check for the parameters very accurately and communicate in a way that driver do not have to take his eyes off the road an know the status also.

The reservoir monitors check the levels of various fluids that are used in the vehicle like the fuel, transmission oil, the brake oil and the engine oil. In case of low and dangerously low levels the system will draw due attention of the driver in form of a buzzer and intimate him with the problem through augmented reality or a voice message.

The drivers now do not get concerned after refilling their reservoirs over the issue that the gas lids have been restrained well or not. The sensors in place looks out for loose gas lids and tells them to the driver through alarms or windshield or dashboard display.

Tire pressure monitors present in the tire regularly monitor the pressure of the tires and communicate them to the drivers if the pressure is less than the required levels so that the driver can inflate them at the next gas station. They are relatively helpful in knowing when the tires get punctures and the tires loses their pressure gradually.

The brake pad monitors keep the track of the brake pads and convey their deteriorating condition to the owner and request him to initiate sufficient measures or change them even before they start to make noise or fail unexpectedly.

Alert level systems
The alert levels of the driver is a key feature that determines the safety of other occupants also. Many of the road accidents happen over the low alert levels of a dizzy and non focused  driver. The vehicles now come with alert level monitors that comprises of a camera and image processing based facial recognition systems that will keep track of facial expressions of the driver to check his alert levels. In case of any doubt of driver going sleepy or loosing consciousness, the alert system will raise an alarm to bring the driver back to his senses and take the automatic control of the vehicle.

A step ahead
The latest cars have a superior edge compared to cars of the past with respect to safety. They are vastly safe and ensure maximum safety and minimum risk to the occupant and driver. The occupants can now travel in the cars forgetting their fears for an accident or a mishap. Traveling in cars is now considered much safer than before.

The Working of a Muffler

The muffler is a small part in the exhaust system of a vehicle. Mufflers perform a very crucial job – they reduce the noise coming from the combustion engine. One only has to start a car without a muffler to know how important this is. The noise level of the engine is very high and they affect the eardrum.
Sound goes in a wavelike pattern. When the exhaust valve opens intermittently and spews smoke with pressure, the same wave motion is produced within the exhaust pipe producing a lot of sound.

How it works
Sound amplification and reduction
The interference of two sound waves can either amplify them or reduce or nullify them. If two waves combine in phase, it is called a constructive interference. And if they combine out of phase, it is called destructive interference. When two waves that are out of phase hit the ear, nothing will be heard. The muffler uses this technique to reduce sound.

Inside a muffler
The muffler is constructed in a way that it reflects the entering sound waves multiple times so that they interfere with each other.

Inlet
The exhaust gases and sound waves enter the muffler through the inlet.

Resonator chamber
The resonator chamber is where the sound waves cancel themselves out. The waves as they enter, go all the way till the anterior end, strike the surface and return back. When they return back, through a hole, they reach a chamber called the resonator chamber. The resonator chamber has specific measurements and holds a specific volume of air, to produce waves of a particular wavelength to cancel other waves. The length of the resonator is adjusted so that, the higher pressure waves that get reflected off the wall, and meet with the low pressure waves just entering the chamber.

Perforations
There are perforations on the tube that leads from the inlet as well as the tube that carries the exhaust outside the muffler. When the waves enter the first pipe, they are highly pressurized and thus have a high amplitude. The perforations absorb some amount of the shock created by the waves and thus reduce their intensity.

Back-pressure reducing mufflers
When mufflers reduce back-pressure, they also create an impediment in the passage of exhaust gases. This is because the exhaust is routed through a number of turns and reflections by which the wavelength of their sound is reduced. The engine faces a little pressure backwards, and some efficiency is also lost because the exhaust is not evacuated without resistance.

There are mufflers that reduce back pressure. These mufflers are designed in such a way that they do not offer too much resistance. To put this into effect, these mufflers use only the technique of absorption. But, back-pressure reducing mufflers don't reduce noise as effectively as normal mufflers do.

Know How an Automobile Exhaust System Works

The exhaust system is a normally a piping system that is used to evacuate the ignition gases that are produced inside the ignition chamber. These gases are led through a network of pipes to the outside. The components of an exhaust system are:

1) Manifold or header
The manifold is an assembly of pipes that directly collect the ignition gases from the engine's combustion chambers. This is also called a header. The header is designed so each opening mates up with one of the engine's exhaust ports, and they are tightly sealed with the help of flanges which prevent the exhaust gases from escaping. From here, the exhaust gases are routed towards various other pipes and exhaust components.

2) Header-back   
The header-back is the part of the exhaust system that is from the ending of the header to everything till the final outlet. Header-backs are used in exhaust systems which does not come with a turbo charger.

3) Turbo-back
In this case, the system comes with the turbo charger. A turbo-back is an aftermarket performance device that leads from the turbo charger to the outside.

4) Catalytic converters
Catalytic converters reduce the level of toxic waste in the ignition gases. For this, the insides of the catalytic converters are coated with different kinds of metals. Different types of catalytic converters use different combinations of platinum, palladium and rhodium. The gases that pass from the ignition chamber through the header contain super-toxic combination of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons. These are the chemicals whose presence is tested in an emission test for automobiles. When the metals inside the catalytic converter comes into contact with the gases, chemical reactions happen and hey reduce the toxicity of the gases. As the exhaust passes through the catalytic converter, the toxicity is reduced thereby satisfying environmental health issues.

5) Cat-back
Cat-back (also called as axle back) refers to the portion of the exhaust system from the outlet of the catalytic converter to the final vent to open air. This generally compresses of the passage from the catalytic converter to the muffler, from the muffler to the tail pipe and to the outside.

6) Muffler
One only needs to custom-remove the muffler and check what noises an engine produces. The noises that an engine produces along with other components are simply too loud and disallows any comfort for the passengers and the others. Thus, the muffler does a very crucial job. With some very simple but efficient acoustic techniques, it reduces the noises that reach it through the exhaust system to a very high extent.

7) Tail-pipe or exhaust
The tail pipe is the final part of the exhaust system. This is the exit for exhaust gases which pass through an array of pipes, gotten processed and muffled, to the outside. The tail pipe usually points towards the opposite direction to the direction of travel. However, this might differ in some cases as the tail pipe points sideways. The tailpipe is usually the only visible part of the entire exhaust system.

Technical features of Liquid-cooled engines

Liquid-cooled engines are ones using circulation of liquids to cool the engines. A mixture of water and a fluid called the coolant are circulated through pipes into specially built sections of the engine, and then back to the radiator. In radiator, water is cooled and sent back into the engine. Even though it is called 'water cooling', the actual cooling in the radiator happens with the use of air. Liquid-cooling systems cool better because of their heat carrying capacity.

There are two kinds of Liquid cooled-engines:

Thermo-siphon: Thermo-siphon is based on the convective property of liquids. Convection is a property in liquids by which the part of liquid higher in temperature move up against gravity and the amounts that are lower in temperature settle down. This is the property that is used in a thermo- siphon. In the engine, when the coolant comes out of the engine, it is hot. Thus, it automatically flows to the radiator where there is cooler air and simultaneously, cold coolant moves into the engine.

Pump-circulation: However, as a lot of advancements were made in the engine, their efficiencies also increased. Now, it became a requirement that their cooling is faster. So, instead of using a thermo-siphon, the coolant was circulated using the method of pump-circulation, which does it by pressurizing the coolant through to the engine and back to the radiator.

Advantages
Unlike air-cooled systems, the liquid cooled system is generally more effective and faster in cooling. Liquid cooling systems less noisy too. They are also compact and economical to manufacture.

Disadvantages
At low temperatures, the liquid coolant has a tendency to freeze. Another disadvantage is that, the liquid cooling system has pipes fitted to various components. Thus, it naturally becomes necessary that they are fixed properly and there are no leakages. If there are openings in the fittings or if the sealant gives way, leakage happens, and it doesn't just affect the cooling, but also can affect other parts surrounding the cooling. While cleaning the inner parts of car machinery, extra care is needed since water could feel messy with components.

Usage
Very commonly used in maritime vessels, because of the availability of water externally. Other than that, majority of cars today use liquid cooling system. However, Porsche has used it extensively in the 911 series, BMW in its motorcycles. Another notable model to have used this kind of engine is the Volkswagen Beetle.

Suing a Businesses for Personal Injury

Suing a business entity for a personal injury has become common nowadays. A person can sue a company or an individual for any reason and in some cases the injury might be serious or can even lead to damage for life. Yet, in any such situations, a person can sue an individual or business. The most often targeted are businesses, as the financial resources of business represents an ability for paying damages. Filing a lawsuit is not as simple as many lawyers make it out to be. This article discusses how to sue a business for a personal injury.

• After an injury, get professional legal representation as soon as possible. A good lawyer will help you in preserving all your rights and avoid mistakes that can cost you substantially. Moreover, their trained and experienced staff will also help in managing all the paperwork related to your case.

• Barring minors, only the person who is injured can sue. Relatives and friends usually will not be able to collect for someone else injury. An attorney will only accept the injured party's suit.

• Some injuries are considered accidents or happen with no fault of others. In these kind of cases, the suits can be brought against an insurance company if they fail to recognize the nature of injury or even against the party responsible for the same.

• For personal injury claim, keeping records of all medical expenses incurred due to the accident can be a good foundation. Loss of pay, wages or personal sufferings can be more challenging to prove.

• Usually a business accepts liability without going to the court and promises to pay for certain damages. If treatment is going on, it might be possible to arrange payments through your attorney.   

Note that many legal cases take time - even years to resolve, especially when suing big a company and/or the person is asking for a huge compensation. Even if the case is resolved in the person's favor, the other party can drag the case out.

Therefore, it is important to make sure to take time for engaging a good lawyer who can successfully help you in claiming for your personal injury.

Understanding Hybrid Car Structure

A hybrid car has more than one power source that can provide propulsion power, directly or indirectly. Hybrid cars are significantly reduce the emissions caused by the gasoline and increase the mileage. Most hybrid cars on the road at present are gasoline-electric hybrids. The gasoline electric hybrid cars have the following parts.

• Fuel tank: A hybrid car's fuel tank is the device that stores energy for the gasoline engine. Batteries have less energy density than the gasoline. For instance, to store one gallon or seven pounds of gas energy thousand pounds of batteries requires.

• Electric motor: The hybrid cars' electric motor is very sophisticated part. When additional power is needed, electric motor will assist the gasoline engine. The electric motor also convert the energy from regenerative braking or the engine into electricity and it stores in the battery. So it also works as a generator. When needed the electric motor starts the gasoline engine instantly.

• Generator: The electric motor and the generator are similar. But the work of the generator is only producing electrical power. It is used in a series of hybrids.

• Batteries: The batteries are the most important parts in the hybrid vehicles. The electric motor convert the energy into electric power which is from regenerative braking or engine. Then, it sends the electric power to store in the batteries. When the engine requires additional power, electric motor withdraws the electric power from the batteries.

• Engine: The engine in the hybrid cars are much like as gasoline powered cars engine. But the hybrids engine is smaller and much efficient than the traditional gasoline powered engines.

• Transmission: The hybrid cars and the conventional cars' transmission performs the same basic function. At present, some cars have conventional transmissions and some cars have radically different transmissions.

When compared to the non-hybrid cars, some hybrid cars models like Toyota Prius emits 90 percent less pollutants. This will be helpful to the environment with low harmful chemicals. As they are environmental friendly, the United States government encouraging to buy the hybrid cars by providing tax write off. Because of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulation,  almost every manufacturer launched or announced to launch the hybrid version.

The hybrid automobile makers are also giving warranties for years, within this period the car owner can replace the most expensive parts if needed for free of cost. When compared to the gasoline powered cars, hybrid cars depreciation is at a lower rate. The maintenance of hybrid cars is also not required as much more than a gasoline car. Therefore, investment in a hybrid cars is useful in both environmental friendly and lower your expenses on the car when compared to a gasoline vehicles over a period of time.

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Vehicle Insurance Companies Claims Handling Process

In case of car insurance, it is very difficult to say it applies particularly to specified situations. The car insurance companies consider so many things to process the insurance claim. Those are like situation, individual insurer etc. The following is a general process by most of the companies in the claim process.

• After accident: Assume that you met car accident, with your auto claim you would be contact your carrier. For some carriers, you need to do online and for some through the pone. A few of them giving the option to chose either of the mode. The insurance companies ask for some or most of the common information. This includes policy report number, name of the police department involved, accident occurred description, location of the accident, accident date and policy number. In case of other parties are involved in the accident, you need to provide the information including name, license plate, address and insurance information.

• Filling your claim: After you report to your insurance company, they will call you. During this call they will determine what happened in the accident, knowing about the injuries, matching the person to their policy, some demographic information and extent of damage to the vehicles involved in the accident.

• Investigation phase: After you filled your claim, the company will assign you a representative or claims adjustor. That person will determine whether policy will cover your claim or not. If it covers he will ask further details, otherwise they will tell. You may asked to submit some copies of the documents such as police report. When the insurer feels some additional information is required, they may interview the witnesses. Your insurer sends inspector(s) to evaluate the vehicle condition and to provide the estimates of the repair. Or they may ask approved shops to visit, but you have a right to choose the shop. But if they charge more than the insurer expected, you have to pay the rest of the amount to the insurer.

• Repairing: After your car is sent to the shop for repairs they will start doing this. You can do it during this time is waiting for the communication as your car is ready. But remember you have to pay the amount that you deducted. It is not the matter that in which shop you had given for repairs.

After the repairs are completed, check your car properly. Make sure everything is working good and looking fine. If something is not working satisfactorily contact the shop where you given for repairs. This is the general process by many insurance companies, but it is not the only process. The process depends on the company, accident type and other factors.

Tips for Selling Cars Online

Before the advent of the Internet, there were only two ways of selling your car: selling it to the dealer or selling it privately. Nowadays, digital marketing has made selling of car a hassle free process. Here are some simple tips that help you sell your car.

1) Prepare your car and organize important documents: When selling your car, make it as attractive as possible.

• Start with cleaning your vehicle. Get your car's exterior waxed. Remove the trunk clutter and all interiors. Vacuum clean the interior surfaces.
• Replace fused off/burnt off lights and check for all fluid levels.
• Collect all the important documents like vehicle history report, maintenance records, etc. that a prospective buyer would like to see.

2) Snap some pictures: A key to online selling is using quality photos. Capture your vehicle's pictures from every angle. Keep in mind the following points:

• Highlight special features that make your car stand out.
• Shoot pictures clearly and to keep focusing on the vehicle, use a non distracting, simple background.
• The number of photos you like to post depends on the package you apply/select.
• Show off your car interiors and electronics. Do not be afraid of posting pictures of scrapes and dents, as the buyers would also like to know what is wrong with the vehicle. This will help build credibility and prevent surprises when a buyer comes to look at the car personally.

3) Write car description: This is the most important step in the process of selling your car. You should:

• Give honest, clear and thorough details about the vehicle, as this will build the trust.
• Think about what attracted you when buying that particular vehicle. Write about the number of cup holders, rear seat entertainment system and other features that make it a perfect family car.

4) Find a buyer: Buying a car online can be stressful for the buyer, as he is the one who will pay for the car that is unseen. To ease him, create an effective bridge of communication with him.

• Include several forms of contact number for the potential buyer when placing an ad.
• Be direct and honest if the buyer asks several questions.
• Try encouraging the potential buyer to see and test drive your vehicle.
• After discussing, follow up the buyer. Be careful if the information provided does not check out.

5) Take payment and transfer ownership: Whether you are dealing with person on phone, through email or in person, always be aware when taking payment. Remember the following points when taking payment:

• If a buyer is willing to pay via money order or check, accept only the exact amount.
• If possible, go to the bank with the buyer for verifying check's authenticity.
• If the buyer wills to pay by money order, follow the same safe payment guidelines for accepting checks.

After taking payment for the car, it's time to transfer ownership. Have both parties signed before the transaction is complete.

Hydraulically Actuated Electronic Unit Injector Fuel Delivery System

Hydraulic force can be used pressurize fuel to make diesel engines stronger and more efficient. The first model in diesel injection system is hydraulically actuated electronic unit injection system (HEUI). HEUI uses hydraulic energy to pressurize lubrication oil for injection. The hydraulically pressurized fuel is supplied to the fuel injector in HEUI.

lubrication oil that is pressurized to high level to presssurize fuel for injectors.  HEUI is more efficient than fuel injection system based on  mechanical means. It pressurizes fuel even when the engine is operating at low speed for fuel distribution to the ignition system.

The HEUI pressurizes lubrication oil at a pressure range of 6 MPA-25 MPA to pump the fuel into the injection system. It can improve the power output and the fuel economy of your vehicle.

Hydraulic pressurization of fuel
HEUI are gradually replacing mechanical camshaft with pressurized lubrication oil. The functions of HEUI injectors are pressurizing, metering. The HEUI  injectors  uses high pressure oil to power the fuel into the injection system rather than the fuel pump. It uses high pressure pump which  does not create pressure instead  It creates a volume of oil for the injectors to use

The inlet and outlet valve is controlled by hydraulic actuation. The HEUI working is similar to the working of hydraulic cylinders,where the lubrication oil is pressurized. HEUI system even reduces noise produced during combustion process.
The components of HEUI injector include the high voltage electric solenoid, poppet valve, poppet return springs, intensifier piston and the nozzle.

Electric solenoid
These are mounted on the cylinder head. They control poppet valve operations. The high actuated electric solenoids requires 7-12 amps of current.

Poppet valves
Poppet valves control the flow of oil pressure into the injector.

Poppet return springs
These are used to control the movement of the poppet valves. The spring compresses when the poppet valve opens and comes to its original position when the valve closes.

Intensifier piston
It is also called amplifier piston. It is used to magnify the pressure of  lubrication oil resulting to magnification of hydraulic pressure of a fuel.

Nozzle
The nozzle atomizes the fuel at a high velocity. The nozzle sprays fine droplets of fuel at a high velocity which eases combustion.

Advantages of HEUI
1. Less noise is produced during combustion.
2. HEUI is less weight and reliable compare to mechanical actuated systems.
3. Performance of the vehicle is high.
4. It does not depend on speed of the engine.
5. Results in better fuel economy.

Applications

• These engines are use in heavy and medium trucks.
• These are used in military vehicles.

Basics of Auto Title Loans

The car title loan is a loan offered for a short period, and is a small amount. Your vehicle's title have to give the lender to get the title loan. The lender can charge some fee to provide the loan on your vehicle title. The loan usually have to repay within a month. These loans can be expensive. If you are failed to pay the money to the lender, your vehicle will be taken by them. There are many sources to borrow money. You may get from your family members, friends, credit unions, banks, or with your credit card.

• Steps in the car title loan: You can get car title loan directly from store or through online. Generally, getting a car title loan involves the following steps.
• First, you need to show your car and its title, application for the loan and your photo id to the lender. Some lenders may ask you to buy a roadside service plan or extra copy of your car keys.
• If you meet the requirements of the lender to approve the loan, he will give you money. The lender keeps the title to your car with him.
• Usually the lender gives you a period of 30 days to repay the loan. Once the time is completed, you need to repay the lender for the amount you borrowed along with some monthly fees.

• Cost of the loan: The lenders charge you a monthly fee. This fee varies from lender to lender. It can be negotiable from many lenders. Sometimes the charges are up to 25% of the loan you borrow. For instance, you want to borrow 1000 dollars for 30 days, and the monthly fee is 25%. The total amount you owe to the lender after 30 days is ($1000+($1000*25%)) $1,250. Most loans have annual percentage rates (APR) which tells the costs of loan for year. The APR is based on the period you borrow the money, the fees you pay, interest rate and the amount of money you borrow. By doing a simple you can compare different sources and select the best suitable one for you.

• Advantages and disadvantages: The following are the advantages and disadvantages with the auto title loans.
• Advantages: Auto title loan enables the borrower to get the money quickly. These loans are processed within one or two days. The lender just looks at the car to estimate the worth of the vehicle that you need to borrow. There are no background and credit checks are involved, so anyone those are with a vehicle can get this loan. If the borrower has bad credit record, auto title loans are best, because they will give only with an assumption of the borrower can pay back along with interest or fees. Another advantage is even after the loan granted, the vehicle is with the borrower only.
• Disadvantages: Auto title loans are for short-term only. The interest on the loans are low but every time you extend the loan period, interest on loan increases. If the borrower defaults the loan payment, there is risk of losing the vehicle.

Before you get the vehicle title loan, consider other choices and sources. Before you are taking loan, ask the lender to tell the costs in dollars, and APR. Borrow an amount, that you can pay within the due date of the loan.

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Step by Step Procedure for Cleaning Your Car

When it comes to cleaning your car, nothing will be worse than the poor technique of cleaning, thus ending up wasting time or more worst scratching your car permanently. Thus, giving your car to local car wash. But cleaning and washing the car by yourself isn't that difficult, here are some simple steps that will help you in cleaning your car efficiently.

Procedure for Cleaning your Car
1) Gathering all the materials for washing and cleaning the car
The first step in washing your car is to get prepared with the right washing material. Take a bottle of car washing detergent, and you will need a sponge for washing the body of the car, brush for cleaning the tires, bucket and a water hose with running water.

2) Rinsing
With the help of a water hose, give your car a thorough rinse to get off all the dirt and grim. If you scrub with the sponge without rinsing, you will be just pushing the grime around. You will also require to re-rinse your car before washing each section, especially if it is summer season as warm weather can make your car dry soon.

3) Washing the top of the car
Next step is to rinse and wash the top of the car, the dirt will rinse down from the side of the car windows, thus saving your efforts and time. If you are cleaning the top in the last, then all the dirt will again mess the cleaned body of the car.

4) Washing the front of the car
The next step in washing your car with hand is to clean the car's front. It might be covered by dead bugs and dirt. The cleaning should be done first as it will get the time to dry out while you are washing the rest of the car.

5) Washing the body of the car
Wash and rinse car's each section, repeat this until you clean the entire body. Scrubbing in circles means that you will miss out some spots, so it is advisable to scrub side to side from left to right or right to left.

6) Cleaning the wheels
After washing and rinsing car's body, brush the wheels. Wheels are the dirtiest as they do most of the work, so using a wheel cleaner will be a better option. Further, if you want to make your tires shine, spray your tires with blackener.

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Guidelines to Keep Costs Low When Refinancing Your House

There are certain closing costs by the lenders while refinancing the house. Those are are like escrow, title, insurance, appraisal, lending, and mortgage broker fees and so on. These are all not fixed and vary from lender to lender. If you negotiate, you can get saved some dollars on them.

Finding the low cost refinance: The refinance costs are depends on many factors. Follow these steps to minimize the costs.

• You will need to prove your monthly income and the assets to get a decent low cost refinance. So organize your past three to five year’s brokerage statements, bank statements, pay stubs, and other financial records. Make sure that your credit score is in good standing.

• Ask your current mortgage lender for refinance. You may get a good offer with better interest rate. Shop the mortgage brokers, banks and credit unions and compare for the best offer.

Closing costs how to deal: You can lower the closing costs by negotiating with the lenders for some types of fees.

• The title insurance policy will be taken when buying a home by most of the people. So ask to for a reissue rate or to lower the cost of the policy.
• If you pay the property taxes yourself and a big payment, you can probably lower the cost of escrow as far as it is considered. If you decide to pay your mortgage payment and the property taxes, the escrow account not opens.
• Generally, the mortgage broker’s commission is between one percent to five percent and some will charge up to eight percent. If the broker fees and the closing costs are too high, you can called a yield spread premium (YSP). You need to pay higher interest rate and lender fee, the mortgage broker covers all or majority closing costs.
• Document preparation fees, underwriting, processing, administration, and funding are commonly called as lending fees charged by the lender. Try to negotiate with the lender with these fees to get them lowered or waived.
• The lender will ask for the insurance. The type of insurance and its coverage is based on your living area. You may need to get mud, wind, flood or any other type of insurance coverage. Shop the insurance companies to find the best deal. Sometimes the lender will ask for some years’ worth of insurance in advance, tries to negotiate it for some months.
• Instead of tri-merge (comes from big three credit bureaus) report some lenders will ask for complete residential mortgage credit report. It verified all the items on your credit report as well it is expensive. To verify the actual cost ask for receipt.

You will get Good Faith Estimate (GFE), with this you can learn and question them about different fees. As well, try to close the deal at the month end if possible, because you can save some dollars in form of interest, which is generally collected by the lenders at the end of the month.

Different Types of Mortgage Lenders

It is used to be somewhat easy to put a word to the lender that correctly described them and types of mortgages they originated. In this article we will see different types of mortgage lenders for the real estate transactions.

• Mortgage bankers: A mortgage banker is a lender and enough to originate the loans and create loans pools which they directly sell to jumbo loan investors, Ginnie Mae, Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, and others. Any company which does this considered to be a mortgage banker. They are very largely in size. Some service loans they originate, but not all of them will. Wholesale lending divisions are having by most of the mortgage bankers.

• Mortgage brokers: Mortgage brokers are the companies which originate loans with a intention of brokering them to the wholesale lending institutions. With these companies brokers have established relationships. Funding and underwriting takes place at wholesale lender. Many brokers also correspondents, because many of them claim to be mortgage bankers.

• Wholesale lenders: Catering to mortgage brokers for loan origination, most portfolio lenders and mortgage bankers also act as wholesale lenders. Some of the wholesale lenders even don't have their own retail branches and relying solely on the mortgage brokers for loans. These wholesale lenders or divisions offer the loans to mortgage brokers at lower prices than their own retail branches offer to public. Then the fee will be added by the mortgage broker. So the loan costs same like obtained from a wholesale lender's retail branch.

• Portfolio lenders: The portfolio lender is an institution that which lends money of its own and originating for itself. These are lending for their own portfolio of loans and so they do not worry about being able to sell immediately on the secondary market. So, for determining credit worthiness they do not have to obey Freddie or Fannie guidelines and can create own guidelines. Generally these institutions are larger banks and loans & savings.

• Direct lenders: If the lenders are fund their own loans, considered as direct lenders. A direct lender can range anywhere from a very tiny one to the biggest lender. Savings & loans and banks obviously have deposits that they can use to fund the loans, but they usually use the warehouse lines of credit that which they draw dollars to fund the loans.

• Correspondents: The correspondents originates and closes home loans with their own name. They sell the loans individually to a larger lender or sponsor instead of selling in pools. The sponsor acts as the mortgage banker, reselling the loan to Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae or Ginnie Mae as part of pool.

Along with these Credit Unions Banks and Savings & Loans also acts as the mortgage lenders. Banks, savings and loans normally operate as mortgage bankers, portfolio lenders, or some combination of both. Credit Unions usually appear to operate as correspondents, although large one could act as a mortgage banker or a portfolio lender.