2014 Scion FR-S Best Sports Cars 2014 For Money U.S. News Auto Ranking

When it comes to purchasing sports car, you should look out for features that make the car model/make suit your budget. In this article, we'll discuss the 2014 Best Sports Cars For Money ranked by U.S. News Auto Ranking. The best Sports Cars 2014 For Money rated by U.S. News Auto Ranking is the 2014 Scion FR-S.

Are interested to know why the 2014 Scion FR-S ranked top then don't worry in this article we'll discuss all the feature,pros and cons of Scion FR-S

2014 Scion FR-S
The 2014 Scion FR-S has rear-wheel drive. A 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine and six-speed manual transmission are standard,and it comes with six-speed automatic transmission is optional Let know rated score by the U.S. News Auto Ranking.

Score ratings

• The 2014 Scion FR-S ranks 1st in Sports Cars 2014 For Money. The ranking are based on analysis of expect reviews and the test drives of the 2014 Scion FR-S.
• The Performance rating of the 2014 Scion FR-S is 9.2 out of 10.
• The interior rating given by the expect rating to 2014 Scion FR-S is 7.8 out of 10.
• The safety rating of the 2014 Scion FR-S is 9.3 out of 10.
• The overall rating of the 2014 Scion FR-S is 8.8 out of 10.

2014 Scion FR-S Car price range
The price ranges from 23,465 – 25,800, It is only the average price it changes depending on the zip area.

Specifications of 2014 Scion FR-S

• Engine and performance
• The 2014 Scion FR-S comes with rear wheel drive with locking rare differential.
• The type of engine equipped in Scion FR-S is Premium Unleaded H-4.
•  The tuning diameter of 35.4
• The displacement of the (2.0L/122) .
• The Horsepower of the Volkswagen Golf (200@7000 ).
• The Torque of the Volkswagen Golf is (151@6400).

• Fuel economy
• When it comes to fuel economy it provides estimated mileage of 29(MPG) in cities and in highways it provides estimated mileage of 30(MPG) in cities.
• The fuel tank capacity of the Scion FR-S is approximately 13.2 gallons.

• Transmission system
• The Scion FR-S has a 6-speed manual transmission system.

• Safety features
• When comes to safety features it comes with:Driver air bags,Passive airbags,Side head air bags,Rear head air bags and side airbags.
• It's equipped with Brake assist,Electronic Stability Control,Daytime Running lights,and traction control system.

• Braking system
• When coming to braking system,It comes with a 4-wheel Anti-Breaking System (ABS) and a 4-wheel disc brakes.

These are some of the specifications of 2014 Scion FR-S.

Pros of 2014 Scion FR-S

• It has Athletic handling
• It is a Responsive engine
• A Comfortable, supportive front seats

 Cons of 2014 Scion FR-S

• Tiny back seat
• It has small cargo hold

These points are likely to help you make a rational decision while purchasing the car.

All that Makes Your Car Safer

In the past, cars were manufactured with an emphasis mainly on the operational capability and scant attention was focused on the safety of the driver and the occupants. In the wake of many casualties over the past few decades, manufacturers have become receptive to the need of making vehicles more equipped with safety systems. Their efforts have succeeded in providing high levels of security to the occupants and drivers. Cars are now reckoned regarded all over the world according to their safety technology features. We'll discuss a few safety technologies in this article.

Anti collision systems
Cars have become smart enough now to detect the possible chances of collision and take adequate measures to avert them. Cars are equipped with the technology to realize these measures. These include radars, lasers and cameras at the right places to sense the surrounding location of the car and make it aware of any possible threat.

Radars and laser technologies can determine the distances of various obstacles from the car accurately and notify the driver of its position within a small span of time. The system can increase the speed of the car or apply brakes automatically if the driver fails to control the situation.

The anti-collision systems are equipped with semi autonomous features that can take control of the car if the driver does not posses the required expertise in maneuvering the car through heavy and dense traffic or parking in a cozy space. The semi automatic system can rescue you if you lack these serious skills.

Improvised diagnostics systems
Diagnostics systems are part of the vehicles since last few years. From a long time, they have been displaying various parameters of the vehicles like fuel reservoir, the engine temperature on the dashboard. They were less reliable and accurate. They only displayed the information. Communication was an option that depended on the driver. Critical conditions were poorly communicated in early vehicles and mostly left to the mercy of the driver to have a look at the dashboard while driving which was again a risky thing. Now the systems can check for the parameters very accurately and communicate in a way that driver do not have to take his eyes off the road an know the status also.

The reservoir monitors check the levels of various fluids that are used in the vehicle like the fuel, transmission oil, the brake oil and the engine oil. In case of low and dangerously low levels the system will draw due attention of the driver in form of a buzzer and intimate him with the problem through augmented reality or a voice message.

The drivers now do not get concerned after refilling their reservoirs over the issue that the gas lids have been restrained well or not. The sensors in place looks out for loose gas lids and tells them to the driver through alarms or windshield or dashboard display.

Tire pressure monitors present in the tire regularly monitor the pressure of the tires and communicate them to the drivers if the pressure is less than the required levels so that the driver can inflate them at the next gas station. They are relatively helpful in knowing when the tires get punctures and the tires loses their pressure gradually.

The brake pad monitors keep the track of the brake pads and convey their deteriorating condition to the owner and request him to initiate sufficient measures or change them even before they start to make noise or fail unexpectedly.

Alert level systems
The alert levels of the driver is a key feature that determines the safety of other occupants also. Many of the road accidents happen over the low alert levels of a dizzy and non focused  driver. The vehicles now come with alert level monitors that comprises of a camera and image processing based facial recognition systems that will keep track of facial expressions of the driver to check his alert levels. In case of any doubt of driver going sleepy or loosing consciousness, the alert system will raise an alarm to bring the driver back to his senses and take the automatic control of the vehicle.

A step ahead
The latest cars have a superior edge compared to cars of the past with respect to safety. They are vastly safe and ensure maximum safety and minimum risk to the occupant and driver. The occupants can now travel in the cars forgetting their fears for an accident or a mishap. Traveling in cars is now considered much safer than before.

The Working of a Muffler

The muffler is a small part in the exhaust system of a vehicle. Mufflers perform a very crucial job – they reduce the noise coming from the combustion engine. One only has to start a car without a muffler to know how important this is. The noise level of the engine is very high and they affect the eardrum.
Sound goes in a wavelike pattern. When the exhaust valve opens intermittently and spews smoke with pressure, the same wave motion is produced within the exhaust pipe producing a lot of sound.

How it works
Sound amplification and reduction
The interference of two sound waves can either amplify them or reduce or nullify them. If two waves combine in phase, it is called a constructive interference. And if they combine out of phase, it is called destructive interference. When two waves that are out of phase hit the ear, nothing will be heard. The muffler uses this technique to reduce sound.

Inside a muffler
The muffler is constructed in a way that it reflects the entering sound waves multiple times so that they interfere with each other.

Inlet
The exhaust gases and sound waves enter the muffler through the inlet.

Resonator chamber
The resonator chamber is where the sound waves cancel themselves out. The waves as they enter, go all the way till the anterior end, strike the surface and return back. When they return back, through a hole, they reach a chamber called the resonator chamber. The resonator chamber has specific measurements and holds a specific volume of air, to produce waves of a particular wavelength to cancel other waves. The length of the resonator is adjusted so that, the higher pressure waves that get reflected off the wall, and meet with the low pressure waves just entering the chamber.

Perforations
There are perforations on the tube that leads from the inlet as well as the tube that carries the exhaust outside the muffler. When the waves enter the first pipe, they are highly pressurized and thus have a high amplitude. The perforations absorb some amount of the shock created by the waves and thus reduce their intensity.

Back-pressure reducing mufflers
When mufflers reduce back-pressure, they also create an impediment in the passage of exhaust gases. This is because the exhaust is routed through a number of turns and reflections by which the wavelength of their sound is reduced. The engine faces a little pressure backwards, and some efficiency is also lost because the exhaust is not evacuated without resistance.

There are mufflers that reduce back pressure. These mufflers are designed in such a way that they do not offer too much resistance. To put this into effect, these mufflers use only the technique of absorption. But, back-pressure reducing mufflers don't reduce noise as effectively as normal mufflers do.

Know How an Automobile Exhaust System Works

The exhaust system is a normally a piping system that is used to evacuate the ignition gases that are produced inside the ignition chamber. These gases are led through a network of pipes to the outside. The components of an exhaust system are:

1) Manifold or header
The manifold is an assembly of pipes that directly collect the ignition gases from the engine's combustion chambers. This is also called a header. The header is designed so each opening mates up with one of the engine's exhaust ports, and they are tightly sealed with the help of flanges which prevent the exhaust gases from escaping. From here, the exhaust gases are routed towards various other pipes and exhaust components.

2) Header-back   
The header-back is the part of the exhaust system that is from the ending of the header to everything till the final outlet. Header-backs are used in exhaust systems which does not come with a turbo charger.

3) Turbo-back
In this case, the system comes with the turbo charger. A turbo-back is an aftermarket performance device that leads from the turbo charger to the outside.

4) Catalytic converters
Catalytic converters reduce the level of toxic waste in the ignition gases. For this, the insides of the catalytic converters are coated with different kinds of metals. Different types of catalytic converters use different combinations of platinum, palladium and rhodium. The gases that pass from the ignition chamber through the header contain super-toxic combination of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons. These are the chemicals whose presence is tested in an emission test for automobiles. When the metals inside the catalytic converter comes into contact with the gases, chemical reactions happen and hey reduce the toxicity of the gases. As the exhaust passes through the catalytic converter, the toxicity is reduced thereby satisfying environmental health issues.

5) Cat-back
Cat-back (also called as axle back) refers to the portion of the exhaust system from the outlet of the catalytic converter to the final vent to open air. This generally compresses of the passage from the catalytic converter to the muffler, from the muffler to the tail pipe and to the outside.

6) Muffler
One only needs to custom-remove the muffler and check what noises an engine produces. The noises that an engine produces along with other components are simply too loud and disallows any comfort for the passengers and the others. Thus, the muffler does a very crucial job. With some very simple but efficient acoustic techniques, it reduces the noises that reach it through the exhaust system to a very high extent.

7) Tail-pipe or exhaust
The tail pipe is the final part of the exhaust system. This is the exit for exhaust gases which pass through an array of pipes, gotten processed and muffled, to the outside. The tail pipe usually points towards the opposite direction to the direction of travel. However, this might differ in some cases as the tail pipe points sideways. The tailpipe is usually the only visible part of the entire exhaust system.

Technical features of Liquid-cooled engines

Liquid-cooled engines are ones using circulation of liquids to cool the engines. A mixture of water and a fluid called the coolant are circulated through pipes into specially built sections of the engine, and then back to the radiator. In radiator, water is cooled and sent back into the engine. Even though it is called 'water cooling', the actual cooling in the radiator happens with the use of air. Liquid-cooling systems cool better because of their heat carrying capacity.

There are two kinds of Liquid cooled-engines:

Thermo-siphon: Thermo-siphon is based on the convective property of liquids. Convection is a property in liquids by which the part of liquid higher in temperature move up against gravity and the amounts that are lower in temperature settle down. This is the property that is used in a thermo- siphon. In the engine, when the coolant comes out of the engine, it is hot. Thus, it automatically flows to the radiator where there is cooler air and simultaneously, cold coolant moves into the engine.

Pump-circulation: However, as a lot of advancements were made in the engine, their efficiencies also increased. Now, it became a requirement that their cooling is faster. So, instead of using a thermo-siphon, the coolant was circulated using the method of pump-circulation, which does it by pressurizing the coolant through to the engine and back to the radiator.

Advantages
Unlike air-cooled systems, the liquid cooled system is generally more effective and faster in cooling. Liquid cooling systems less noisy too. They are also compact and economical to manufacture.

Disadvantages
At low temperatures, the liquid coolant has a tendency to freeze. Another disadvantage is that, the liquid cooling system has pipes fitted to various components. Thus, it naturally becomes necessary that they are fixed properly and there are no leakages. If there are openings in the fittings or if the sealant gives way, leakage happens, and it doesn't just affect the cooling, but also can affect other parts surrounding the cooling. While cleaning the inner parts of car machinery, extra care is needed since water could feel messy with components.

Usage
Very commonly used in maritime vessels, because of the availability of water externally. Other than that, majority of cars today use liquid cooling system. However, Porsche has used it extensively in the 911 series, BMW in its motorcycles. Another notable model to have used this kind of engine is the Volkswagen Beetle.

Suing a Businesses for Personal Injury

Suing a business entity for a personal injury has become common nowadays. A person can sue a company or an individual for any reason and in some cases the injury might be serious or can even lead to damage for life. Yet, in any such situations, a person can sue an individual or business. The most often targeted are businesses, as the financial resources of business represents an ability for paying damages. Filing a lawsuit is not as simple as many lawyers make it out to be. This article discusses how to sue a business for a personal injury.

• After an injury, get professional legal representation as soon as possible. A good lawyer will help you in preserving all your rights and avoid mistakes that can cost you substantially. Moreover, their trained and experienced staff will also help in managing all the paperwork related to your case.

• Barring minors, only the person who is injured can sue. Relatives and friends usually will not be able to collect for someone else injury. An attorney will only accept the injured party's suit.

• Some injuries are considered accidents or happen with no fault of others. In these kind of cases, the suits can be brought against an insurance company if they fail to recognize the nature of injury or even against the party responsible for the same.

• For personal injury claim, keeping records of all medical expenses incurred due to the accident can be a good foundation. Loss of pay, wages or personal sufferings can be more challenging to prove.

• Usually a business accepts liability without going to the court and promises to pay for certain damages. If treatment is going on, it might be possible to arrange payments through your attorney.   

Note that many legal cases take time - even years to resolve, especially when suing big a company and/or the person is asking for a huge compensation. Even if the case is resolved in the person's favor, the other party can drag the case out.

Therefore, it is important to make sure to take time for engaging a good lawyer who can successfully help you in claiming for your personal injury.

Understanding Hybrid Car Structure

A hybrid car has more than one power source that can provide propulsion power, directly or indirectly. Hybrid cars are significantly reduce the emissions caused by the gasoline and increase the mileage. Most hybrid cars on the road at present are gasoline-electric hybrids. The gasoline electric hybrid cars have the following parts.

• Fuel tank: A hybrid car's fuel tank is the device that stores energy for the gasoline engine. Batteries have less energy density than the gasoline. For instance, to store one gallon or seven pounds of gas energy thousand pounds of batteries requires.

• Electric motor: The hybrid cars' electric motor is very sophisticated part. When additional power is needed, electric motor will assist the gasoline engine. The electric motor also convert the energy from regenerative braking or the engine into electricity and it stores in the battery. So it also works as a generator. When needed the electric motor starts the gasoline engine instantly.

• Generator: The electric motor and the generator are similar. But the work of the generator is only producing electrical power. It is used in a series of hybrids.

• Batteries: The batteries are the most important parts in the hybrid vehicles. The electric motor convert the energy into electric power which is from regenerative braking or engine. Then, it sends the electric power to store in the batteries. When the engine requires additional power, electric motor withdraws the electric power from the batteries.

• Engine: The engine in the hybrid cars are much like as gasoline powered cars engine. But the hybrids engine is smaller and much efficient than the traditional gasoline powered engines.

• Transmission: The hybrid cars and the conventional cars' transmission performs the same basic function. At present, some cars have conventional transmissions and some cars have radically different transmissions.

When compared to the non-hybrid cars, some hybrid cars models like Toyota Prius emits 90 percent less pollutants. This will be helpful to the environment with low harmful chemicals. As they are environmental friendly, the United States government encouraging to buy the hybrid cars by providing tax write off. Because of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulation,  almost every manufacturer launched or announced to launch the hybrid version.

The hybrid automobile makers are also giving warranties for years, within this period the car owner can replace the most expensive parts if needed for free of cost. When compared to the gasoline powered cars, hybrid cars depreciation is at a lower rate. The maintenance of hybrid cars is also not required as much more than a gasoline car. Therefore, investment in a hybrid cars is useful in both environmental friendly and lower your expenses on the car when compared to a gasoline vehicles over a period of time.

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